Kauman Great Mosque is built in a typical religious Javanese architecture with its triple-tiered roof, lack of minaret, and a serambi. The frontyard of the mosque is grown with trees considered beneficial in Javanese symbology. To the north and south of the courtyard are tall pavilions known as pagongan.
The north-side is called Pagongan Ler ("northern pagongan") and the south-side is called Pagongan Kidul ("southern pagongan"). During Sekaten ceremony, Pagonan Ler is used to place the gamelan set of Kyai Naga Wilaga, while the Pagongan Kidul is used to place the gamelan set of Kangjeng Kyai Guntur Madu.